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Publications

• PhD Project 1: The regulation of "mixed" intimacies in Colonial Libya and the construction of Whiteness (1911-1942)

  Andrea defended his PhD thesis "The regulation of "mixed" intimacies in Colonial Libya and the construction of Whiteness (1911-1942)" at the Ģ����Ƶ on 24 February.

  His study is about the regulation of “mixed” intimacies between Italian settlers and people that fell under Italian colonial rule can clarify processes of racialization of subaltern social groups while pointing at the construction of Italian whiteness in the colonial environment. However, research on “mixed” intimacies during Italian colonialism has focused solely on the Eastern African colonial contexts, namely, how such relationships unfolded and were regulated in Eritrea, Somalia and Ethiopia during Italian colonial rule. With this research, I aim to add to this research landscape the context of the Italian colonization of Libya (1911-1942), to assess whether Italian colonial administrators regulated intimacies between Italians and Libyans and to ascertain whether these regulations played a role in the racialization of Libya and the identification of Italians as white. In order to do so, I deployed a socio-legal approach to the analysis of official archival sources collected in Italian state, Vatican, and Missionary congregations’ archives. Through such an analysis, the regulations of “mixed” intimacies collected in the archives are juxtaposed to the social changes that influenced and were influenced by the policing of intimacy in the Libyan colonial context.

  The main finding of this research is that Italian colonial administrators regulated “mixed” intimacies throughout their colonial presence in Libya to establish the category of “whiteness” on the settler population while racializing Libyans as Others. In particular, this research found that the racialization of the colonial Other through the regulation of “mixed” intimacies was a significant factor that allowed a modern, white, European subjectivity to emerge and represent itself as a signifier of Italian identity in the empire. Regulating “mixed” intimacies coincided with keeping control of categorization processes that affected both colonizing and colonized societies, therefore representing an untapped resource in understanding the historical production of racial categories in the Italian colonial context.

  His thesis is available .

• PhD Project 2: Between problematisation and invisibilisation: the regulation of interracialised intimacies and (post)colonial immigration in France (1954-1979)

  Rébecca Franco defended her PhD thesis entitled 'Between problematisation and invisibilisation: the regulation of interracialised intimacies and (post)colonial immigration in France (1954-1979)' at the Ģ����Ƶ on 22 March.

  Rébecca's dissertation addresses the question of how and why intimacies between the white French population and migrants from the (former) colonies on the African continent were regulated in the French metropole between 1954 and 1979, and how this contributed to the construction of racial boundaries of and within the French community.

  During the period of this study, large groups of migrants from the (former) African continent moved to the French metropole, often to do low-paid menial work. Looking at the period of decolonisation and the early postcolonial context, this research demonstrates that the regulation of intimacy is a rich site of analysis to understand racialisation and the construction of racial boundaries of the (post)colonial national community. To this end, this research draws primarily on critical archival research conducted in written and audio-visual archives of state and non-state institutions, as well as interviews with individuals who lived in interracialised relationships during the period under study. By analysing these together, this study produces a critical analysis of the regulations and the construction of discourses about interracialised intimacies. By examining whether and how colonial continuities underlined the regulation of (post)colonial migration, this research helps to uncover racial rationalities underlying colourblind regulations.

  The main findings of this research show that different forms of interracialised intimacies were problematised and regulated according to how they transgressed hierarchies of race, gender, class and sexuality within the sexual order. The problematisation of gender, sexuality and intimacy played an important role in the construction of racialised inassimilability of (post)colonial migrants. In particular, durable intimate relationships between white working-class women and African male labour migrants complicated the paradigm of temporary labour migration and the construction of the inassimilability of migrants from the African continent. This shows that the French administration accepted (post)colonial migrants for their cheap labour but did not include them in the French national community.

  Therefore, this research contributes to a contextualised and historicised analysis of the construction of racial boundaries of the French community that determined inclusion and exclusion of these (post)colonial migrants.

  The thesis is avaiable

• PhD 3: A Class of Undesirables: 'Race', Regulation, and Interracialised Intimacies in Britain (1948-1968)

  Nawal Mustafa defended her PhD thesis entitled "A Class of Undesirables: 'Race', Regulation, and Interracialised Intimacies in Britain (1948-1968)" at the Ģ����Ƶ on 7 July.Nawal Mustafa defended her PhD thesis entitled "A Class of Undesirables: 'Race', Regulation, and Interracialised Intimacies in Britain (1948-1968)" at the Ģ����Ƶ on 7 July.

  Nawal's dissertation focuses on the period between 1948 and 1968 in the British metropole and examines the regulation of interracialised relationships during this time. The large-scale immigration from Britain's former colonies to the metropole began after 1948, coinciding with the development of the British welfare state and job opportunities. The dissertation highlights the political and public discourse surrounding the settlement of colonial citizens, with employment, housing, and 'miscegenation' being recurring themes in political debates and media coverage. The author specifically explores the national discourse on interracialised relationships, particularly between White women and Black men, which attracted political and media attention. She argues that such relationships posed a threat to the racial order and the construction of a white British nation because they were seen as crossed racialised, gendered and class boundaries thereby challenging societal norms within Britain.

  This research expands on legal scholarship by exploring the ways control and regulation occurred across diverse social authorities, including non-governmental institutions. It demonstrates that regulation of interracialized relationships went beyond strict legal codes or the state itself. This dissertation presents a comprehensive analysis of the locations where moral regulation occurred by examining the interconnectedness of various governmental and non-governmental departments and institutions. It highlights how institutions such as the police, the church, and immigration agencies played a role in regulating interracial relationships. By situating the analysis of UK policy and governance within the broader historical context of the British empire, the dissertation aligns with postcolonial and decolonial scholarship. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of colonial and metropolitan spaces and contributes to understanding how interracial relationships were racialized within the empire. Overall, the dissertation contributes to the field of 'mixed race' studies by providing a comprehensive analysis of the regulation of interracialized relationships, situating them within historical, social, and cultural processes, and exploring the nuanced ways in which they were governed.

  The thesis is avaiable

• Other Publications

  • Franco, R. (2023). Policing Commercial Sex in 1970s France: Regulating the Racialized Sexual Order. Social & Legal Studies, 32(1), 96-115. .
  • Tarchi, A. (2022). The Regulation of ‘Mixed’ Marriages in Colonial Libya: At the Crossroads of Nationalism, Religion, and Race. Politics, Religion and Ideology, 23(4), 497-517. .
  • Franco, R. (2022). Researching racialisation: the regulation of interracialised intimacies in France (1954-1979), RdW 2022-1, 100-105. .
  • De Hart, B. (2022). The Odd Couple: Gender, Securitization, Europeanization, and Marriages of Convenience in Dutch Family Migration Policies (1930–2020), Transnational Marriage and Partner Migration, 31-48.
  • Zambelli, E. (2021). Interracial couples and the phenomenology of race, place, and space in contemporary England. .
  • De Hart, B. (2021). The obsession with white women and interracialized relationships: The case of political leader Sigrid Kaag. .
  • De Hart, B. (2021). ‘Ras’ en ‘gemengdheid’ in Nederlandse jurisprudentie, Ars aequi 2021 (4), 359-367. .
  • Tarchi, A. (2021). A ‘catastrophic consequence’: Fascism’s debate on the legal status of Libyans and the issue of mixed marriages (1938–1939). Postcolonial Studies. .
  • Hutten, W., & Mustafa, N. (2021). Onderken ook de rol van institutioneel racisme in het migratierecht. Nederlands Juristenblad, 2021(25), 2041-2046.
  • Tarchi, A. (2021). Mabruchismo: concubinage and colonial power in Italian Libya (1911–1932). Modern Italy, 1-16. .
  • Zambelli, E. (2020). Racialized Affectivities of (Un)Belonging: Mixed (Race) Couples in the Shadow of Brexit. Genealogy [Special issue of Transnational Families: Europe and the World], 4(3), 83. doi: 10.3390/genealogy4030083 .
  • Franco, R. (2020, July 24). Dit is er mis met het seksualiseren van zwarte mannen. OneWorld Magazine. .
  • Mustafa, N., & Westerduin, M. (2020). Exploring New Vocabularies in Conversations About Religion, Race, Politics, and Justice. In C.A.M. van den Berg, L. Schrijvers, J. Wiering, & A.J.A.C.M. Korte (Eds.), Transforming Bodies and Religion: Powers and Agencies in Contemporary Europa. London: Routledge.
  • Mustafa, N., & Topolski, A. (2020). Race in relation to law and politics. In C.D.J. Bulten, C.F. Perquin-Deelen, M.H.C. Sinninghe Damsté, & K.J. Bakker (Eds.), Diversiteit. Een multidisciplinaire terreinverkenning (Diversity Bundle, Serie vanwege het Van der Heijden Instituut). Deventer: Wolters Kluwer.
  • De Hart, B., & Jones, G. (2020). (Not) Measuring Mixedness in the Netherlands. In Z. L. Rocha, & P. J. Aspinall (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Mixed Racial and Ethnic Classification (pp. 367-387). Palgrave MacMillan.
  • De Hart, B. (2019). Enkele terloopse opmerkingen over ras, gemengdheid en recht door drie Nederlandse juristen. Nederlands Juristenblad, 2019(37), 2804-2810. [2019/2268]. .
  • De Hart, B. (2019). Some Cursory Remarks on Race, Mixture and Law by Three Dutch Jurists. [Inaugural lecture, delivered on 20 September 2019]. Amsterdam: Ģ����Ƶ. 
  • Franco, R. (2019, September 16). Ook niet-westerse vrouwen hebben last van straatintimidatie. Brief in NRC Handelsblad. 
  • Franco, R., & Mustafa, N. (2019). Invalidating the Archive: Interpreting Silences and Inconsistencies. Sentio Journal, 1(1), 42-48. 
  • De Hart, B. (2019). Regulating Dutch–Chinese marriages and relationships in the Netherlands (1920–1945). The History of the Family, 24(3), 539-559. doi: 10.1080/1081602X.2019.1633678 .
  • Van den Brandt, H. P., Schrijvers, L. L., Miri, A., & Mustafa, N. (2018). White Innocence: Reflections on Public Debates and Political-Analytical Challenges. An Interview with Gloria Wekker. Journal of Diversity and Gender Studies, 5(1), 67-82. doi: 10.11116/digest.5.1.4  .